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Compensating controls are physical security measures that are implemented to provide an alternative method of security when primary controls cannot be used or have failed. These controls are designed to achieve the same security objectives as the primary controls but are often utilized in situations where the primary measures are impractical or less effective due to various circumstances.

For example, if a primary control like a biometric access system fails or is not feasible due to budget constraints, installing a manned security checkpoint can serve as a compensating control, ensuring that security is maintained even though the preferred method isn't available. Compensating controls help organizations manage risk effectively while maintaining compliance and protecting their assets.

Other types of controls, such as access controls, focus specifically on controlling who can enter or use resources, preventive controls aim to prevent incidents from occurring in the first place, and deterrent controls are intended to discourage potential security breaches. While all these controls play critical roles in a comprehensive security strategy, it is the compensating controls that specifically serve the function of providing alternative security solutions when primary options are not viable.